Be alert to the risk of scams, including through business or job opportunities, unauthorised taxi drivers, visa services or offers of romance and friendships, including on dating apps. Do not meet up with or send money to someone you do not know or have not met in person.

Card skimming and confidence scams are widespread. There has been an increase in cybercrime and internet scamming, such as online shopping.

If you use a visa agent, be wary of fraud. Always follow the correct visa application process through the Department of Home Affairs. Fraudsters often use embassy or other government details – check they are authentic before responding. Visa scams come in many forms and can cause great financial loss.

Criminals may pose as officials for financial or personal gain. If in doubt, ask to see their ID and move into a safe, public and open space. Police officers must carry their appointment certificate. If you have any concerns, call:

• police on 10111
• emergency services on 112 (mobile only)

Scammers target people using taxis and ride-hailing apps in major cities, including at airports.

Make sure you:

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plan your journey before you travel and arrange transport in advance

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use a licensed taxi or established ride-hailing service

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book ride-hailing services through the official app and do not accept unsolicited offers from drivers who approach you

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identify a place of safety until the vehicle arrives; do not wait in the street

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check the vehicle registration and ID matches what is in the app before entering

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do not display your phone or valuables

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ask the driver to close rear windows and lock doors if you cannot do so yourself

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check the e-hailing app for extra security features, and consider using them

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if you use a taxi that is not booked through a ride-hailing app, use a licensed operator and agree the fare in advance or check the amount carefully before making a payment

Be wary of unregulated drivers posing as taxi or ride-hailing app drivers, especially at airports. Use designated taxi or ride-hailing pick-up areas where available and avoid people touting for business inside or outside the terminal buildings.

Tensions between e-hailing app and metered taxi drivers have led to armed violence and fatalities, particularly around Gautrain stations and at airports. Strikes and protests by taxi app drivers take place, sometimes with attacks against drivers not seen to be participating. Passengers have also faced harassment or violence. E-hailing apps generally warn about high-risk areas, but be cautious using these services. During strikes use alternative reliable private transportation. Plan your journey so that you can avoid busy areas such as taxi ranks and transport hubs.

Minibus Taxis follow informal drop off and pick up principles with poor road discipline. These are minimally regulated and standards of vehicle maintenance can vary. Altercations with other road users and erratic driving is common.

Updated information about fraud and scams, and taxis and ride-hailing apps.